monetary system

Heterogeneous effects across bank types written by Karl-Friedrich Israel, Moritz Pfeifer, Tim Sepp , and Benjamin Treitz.  May 25, 2026 Monetary policy changes the stability of German banks differently based on their ownership and business goals. Existing literature shows that monetary policies stabilize markets but can also encourage institutions to take higher risks. Using monthly balance sheet data […]

Public debt levels are rising throughout the developed world, with economies bordering on stagflation as politicians prefer short-term giveaways to long-term fixes. Since the turn of the century, the amount of public debt relative to gross domestic product (GDP) in developed economies has surged to highwater marks not seen since the turmoil of World War […]

  Two major summits took place concurrently during the last weekend of October: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) meeting in Washington, D.C., and the BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia. The IMF marked its 80th anniversary, having been established alongside the World Bank at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference, where the global financial system was rebuilt around the United States dollar. […]