Essays & News

  The Mecca Joint Defense Agreement was signed in Islam’s holy city, Mecca. The tri-party agreement between Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Turkiye was agreed between President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkiye, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman of Saudi Arabia and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif of Pakistan. This is a pact between the three strongest predominantly […]

  “Conservative liberalism” is a hybrid political tendency that seeks to construct a balanced synthesis between liberty and tradition, market and state, individualism and social convention. Although liberals and conservatives have often formed tactical alliances in the domain of public policy, at the level of theoretical foundations, they are generally understood as two divergent intellectual […]

Hayek, the knowledge problem, and the question no central planner can answer Cambridge. Early 1930s. A Keynesian economist leans across the table and asks Friedrich Hayek a question he clearly considers decisive. “Is it your view that if I went out tomorrow and bought a new overcoat, that would increase unemployment?” Hayek pauses. The question […]

  For decades, Germany was the economic engine of Europe. Its prosperity rested on a highly competitive industrial sector, a strong export orientation and a reputation for engineering excellence. Even as other advanced economies shifted toward services, Germany maintained a large manufacturing base that became central to its economic model. Today, however, the German economy […]

  Reversing populist legacies requires more than winning an election — or changing the policies. It requires rebuilding the institutions that populism spent years dismantling.   Elections end governments. They do not always end what those governments built. A previous post documented how populist rhetoric falls sharply when a populist government leaves office, while the economic and […]