trade

  Across the Asian continent, the past two decades have witnessed a profound shift in how states view and manage their mineral endowments. What was once largely framed as a technical issue of extraction and export has evolved into a core strategic concern tied to national security and geopolitical leverage. This shift – commonly termed […]

  Over the past 25 years, the relationship between China and Latin America has undergone a dramatic shift. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, in 2000, China accounted for less than 2 percent of Latin America’s exports. Over the next eight years, trade grew at an annual rate of 31 percent. By 2021, bilateral […]

  During the post-Cold War period, unilateral sanctions were often used by the United States to impose economic costs on adversaries. These measures were also meant to influence and shape the foreign or domestic policy behavior of weaker states to reinforce Washington’s unipolar status. However, since 2022, and arguably even earlier, unilateral sanctions regimes began […]

  In his second term, United States President Donald Trump has surrounded himself with self-proclaimed “China hawks,” advisers, and officials eager to outmaneuver Beijing in the ongoing U.S.-China rivalry. However, a series of mixed signals, vague actions and unfilled key roles, such as critical ambassadorships and senior agency positions, have left observers both at home […]

  While the world appears increasingly fractured between the complex American and Chinese spheres of influence, countries that have not taken sides seem to be stuck with an impossible choice. Yet the almost-forgotten Comprehensive and Progressive Transpacific Partnership (CPTPP), a multilateral free trade agreement significantly lowering tariffs and barriers among some G7 and Global Majority […]