trade

  Gottfried von Haberler’s contributions to international trade theory and policy have been disruptive and yet the works written by one of most prominent Austrian economists are unfairly undervalued when analysing modern events in world economy, such as the “new protectionism”. Gottfried von Haberler’s theory remains a cornerstone of modern international trade. His simple and […]

  For more than two decades, the EU–Mercosur agreement remained out of reach—endlessly negotiated, periodically revived, and repeatedly declared dead. Since its launch in 1999, it has weathered financial crises, political shifts, and environmental disputes on both sides of the Atlantic. If finally implemented, it would unite the European Union and the Mercosur bloc—Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay—into […]

  Across the Asian continent, the past two decades have witnessed a profound shift in how states view and manage their mineral endowments. What was once largely framed as a technical issue of extraction and export has evolved into a core strategic concern tied to national security and geopolitical leverage. This shift – commonly termed […]

  Over the past 25 years, the relationship between China and Latin America has undergone a dramatic shift. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, in 2000, China accounted for less than 2 percent of Latin America’s exports. Over the next eight years, trade grew at an annual rate of 31 percent. By 2021, bilateral […]

  During the post-Cold War period, unilateral sanctions were often used by the United States to impose economic costs on adversaries. These measures were also meant to influence and shape the foreign or domestic policy behavior of weaker states to reinforce Washington’s unipolar status. However, since 2022, and arguably even earlier, unilateral sanctions regimes began […]