Carole Nakhle

  Since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the country has become one of the most heavily sanctioned in modern history. Unprecedented and coordinated measures from the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Australia and other allied countries have targeted nearly every major sector of the Russian economy. Energy exports face […]

  The recent United States intervention in Venezuela marks a rare military escalation by a major power in an oil-producing country. After years of reliance on sanctions, the move signals a shift from economic pressure to direct action. Given Venezuela’s oil reserves – the largest in the world – and its historical role in global […]